Ports '77, Annual Symposium of the Waterway, Port Coastal and Ocean Division of ASCE, 4th, Long Beach, California, March 9.11, 1977.The breakwater cross-sections discussed have a 4 on 3 seaward slope of concrete tetrapod armor units, a massive concrete cap, and prototype crest heights ranging from + 7.0 to + 9.9 meters above the wave still water line. The paper addresses two important considerations in optimizing the cross-section design of a tetrapod breakwater: the shape and weight of the concrete breakwater cap and the related stability of the harbor-side armor units under wave overtopping conditions, the simultaneous selection of the optimum combination of the design wave height, the tetrapod form size, and the concrete density. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus.DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR A TETRAPOD BREAKWATER "Loving and Loathing Japan's Concrete Coasts, Where Tetrapods Reign". "Tetrapodistas: Beauty beheld in huge concrete forms". Environmentally friendly coastal protection : proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection Structures, Varna, Bulgaria, 25- (Online-Ausg. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Countermeasures to protect bridge piers from scour. "Breakwaters for the Protection of Romanian Beaches". ^ Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac (1963) Improvements in or relating to artificial blocks for building structures exposed to the action of moving water."Effects of vertical wall and tetrapod weights on wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters under irregular wave conditions" (PDF). Legs are bulbous, or pear-shaped, with the slightly larger diameters at the outer end. ^ "What are Tetrapods? (Tetrapods Resist Wave Impact and Prevent Beach Erosion)". construction of breakwaters most successful has been the Tetrapod Vertebrates, Amphibians, Reptiles - Britannica, a four-legged design, each leg projecting from the centre at an angle of 109 1/2 from each of the other three.Riprap – Rock or concrete protective armour.Ocean surface wave – Surface waves generated by wind on open water Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets.Coastal erosion – Displacement of land along the coastline.Coastal management – Preventing flooding and erosion of shorelines.Breakwater (structure) – Coastal defense structure.Artificial reef – Human-made underwater structure that functions as a reef.Other proprietary designs include the Modified Cube (United States, 1959), the Stabit ( United Kingdom, 1961), the Akmon ( The Netherlands, 1962), the Dolos ( South Africa, 1963), the Stabilopod ( Romania, 1969), the Seabee ( Australia, 1978), the Accropode (France, 1981), the Hollow Cube ( Germany, 1991), the A-jack (United States, 1998), the Xbloc (The Netherlands, 2001) and KOLOS ( India, 2010) among others. One of the earliest designs is the Tetrapod, invented in 1950. Similar designs Ī wave-dissipating concrete block is a naturally or manually interlocking concrete structure designed and employed to minimize the effects of wave action upon shores and shoreline structures, such as quays and jetties. Their proliferation on the island of Okinawa, a popular vacation destination in Japan, has made it difficult for tourists to find unaltered beaches and shoreline, especially in the southern half of the island. Tetrapods have become popular across the world, particularly in Japan it is estimated that nearly 50 percent of Japan's 35,000 kilometers (22,000 mi) coastline has been covered or somehow altered by tetrapods and other forms of concrete. Tetrapods were first used at the thermal power station in Roches Noires in Casablanca, Morocco, to protect the sea water intake. The French invention was named tétrapode, derived from Greek tetra- ' four ' and -pode ' foot ', a reference to the tetrahedral shape. Tetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now Artelia) in Grenoble, France, who received a patent for the design. Tetrapods are made of concrete, and use a tetrahedral shape to dissipate the force of incoming waves by allowing water to flow around rather than against them, and to reduce displacement by interlocking. The present study aims to compare two known methods of tetrapod placement in relation to breakwater stability. Tetrapods on Graciosa Island, Azores Tetrapods in Latvia Tetrapods protecting a marina on Crete, Greece.Ī tetrapod is a form of wave-dissipating concrete block used to prevent erosion caused by weather and longshore drift, primarily to enforce coastal structures such as seawalls and breakwaters. For four-limbed vertebrates, see Tetrapod.
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